From A Brief History of Logan County, Colorado

By Emma Burke Conklin, 1928.

Logan County was formed from the northeast corner of Weld County, by an act of the Legislature, passed February 25, 1887. It was the second to be cut off from Weld, being just sixteen days behind Washington County, and extended to the state line on the north and east. Later two counties, Sedgwick and Phillips, were formed from the eastern part. In outline the county is rectangular. It contains an area of 1,166,080 acres and is almost a perfect square, the length east and west being forty miles, and the width, thirty-eight miles.

When Logan County was organized, Sterling as an incorporated town was six years old, and the only other towns within its limits were Atwood, Merino and Red Lion. Iliff was laid out the same year, and Fleming, Iliff, Crook and Leroy were only settlements.

The assessed valuation of Logan County at the time of its organization was $1,420,085. The census reports of its population to the present time are: 1890, 3,070; 1900, 3,292; 1910, 9,549; 1920, 18,427.

The surface of the county is generally level or rolling, except a few hilly areas in the northern part. The altitude varies from 3,600 feet in the northeast to about 4,100 feet in the northwest. It is a sample block out of the Great Plains of the west. One need not go outside of Logan County to appreciate Arthur Chapman when he says, referring to the life of the cowboy :

"Out among the big things,

The heights that gleam afar,

A feller gets to wonder

What means each distant star.

He may not get an answer,

But somehow every night,

He feels among the big things,

That every thing's all right."

Logan County answers every description, which applies to the typical western scene on the plains. The scene is varied in that the county is crossed from the southwest to northeast by the Platte River, the valley of which averages five miles in width, and contains most of the county's rich irrigated land. On either side of the valley is comparatively level prairie, with sandy loam soil, well adapted to cultivation without irrigation. In the western part is found a ridge of canons among which is Cedar, a point of historic interest because of an Indian battle between a band of Arapahoes and a force of cavalry under Captain Jacob Downing, which took place there in 1864.

The Platte River has been derisively and otherwise called the "dry river," "sand river," "silver river," the river that is "up side down," and various other names appropriate and inappropriate. It was said in the early days that only occasionally was it "enlivened with any water." However, soon after the first settlers came, it is recorded that a flood appeared "with lightning speed," reclaiming its own, from those who had built houses, offices and shops too near its bed, and swept everything in its wake. Since then due respect has been paid to the changeable old Platte. The river was given its name 133; two French explorers, mentioned in another chapter, by the name of Mallett. The name means dull, shallow. It had previously been known, first as Rio Jesus Maria, and later as the Riviere des Padoucas.

Nearly a century ago, Washington Irving, after a visit to the west, discoursed on this river as "the most magnificent and most useless of rivers. Abstraction made of its defects, nothing can be more pleasing than the perspective which it presents to the eye. Its islands have the appearance of a labyrinth of groves floating on the waters. Their extraordinary position gives an air of youth and loveliness to the whole scene. If to this be added the undulations of the river, the waving of the verdure, the alternations of light and shade, the succession of these islands varying in form and beauty, and the purity of the atmosphere, some idea may be formed of the pleasing sensations which the traveler experiences on beholding a scene that seems to have started fresh from the hands of the Creator."

"The wide but shallow, fierce but fallow Platte River. destined to gather the melted mountain snows and carry them to the wilderness which will some day blossom as the rose," is the fulfilled prophecy which disproves the above characterization of "uselessness," as shown in the abundant crops raised along the valley at the present time.

Describing a journey which took him over these very prairies in 1880, the year before Sterling was laid out as a town, Robert Louis Stevenson depicts scenes familiar to westerners. His account is found in his "Across tile Plains," and runs thus:

"We were at sea—there is no other adequate expression—on the plains  I made my observatory on the top of a fruit-wagon, and sat by the hour upon that porch to spy about me, and to spy in vain for something new. It was a world almost without a feature; an empty sky, an empty earth; front and back, the line of railway stretched from horizon to horizon, like a cue across a billiard-board ; on either hand, the green plain ran till it touched the skirts of heaven. Along the track innumerable wild sunflowers, no bigger than a crown-piece, bloomed in a continuous flower-bed ; grazing beasts were seen upon the prairie at all degrees of distance and diminution, and now again we might perceive a few dots beside the railroad which grew more and more distinct as we drew nearer till they turned into wooden cabins, and then dwindled and dwindled in our wake until they melted into their surroundings, and we were once more alone upon the billiard-board. The train toiled over this infinity like a snail ; and being the one thing moving, it was wonderful what huge proportions it began to assume in our regard. It seemed miles in length, and either end of it within but a step of the horizon. Even my own body or my own head seemed a great thing in that emptiness. I note the feeling the more readily as it is the contrary of what I have read of in the experience of others. Day and night, above the roar of the train, our ears were kept busy with the incessant chirp of grasshoppers—a noise like the winding up of countless clocks and watches, which began after awhile to seem proper to that land."

"To one hurrying through by steam there was a certain exhilaration in this spacious vacancy, this greatness of the air, this discovery of the whole arch of heaven, this straight, unbroken, prison-line of the horizon. Yet one could not but reflect upon the weariness of those who passed 4)y there in the old days, at the foot's pace of oxen, painfully urging their teams, and with no landmark but their unattainable evening sun for which they steered, and which daily fled them by an equal stride. They had nothing, it would seem, to overtake; nothing by which to reckon their advance; no sight for repose or for encouragement; but stage after stage, only the dead green waste underfoot, and the mocking, fugitive horizon. But the eye, as I have been told, found differences even here; and at the worst the emigrant came, by perseverance, to the end of his toil. It is the settlers, after all, at whom we have a right to marvel. Our consciousness, by which we live, is itself but the creature of variety. Upon what food does it subsist in such a land? What livelihood can repay a human creature for a life spent in this huge sameness? He is cut off from the books, from news, from company, from all that can relieve existence but the prosecution of his affairs. A sky full of stars is the most varied spectacle that he can hope. He may walk five miles and see nothing; ten, and it is as though he had not moved; twenty, and still he is in the midst of the same great level, and has approached no nearer to the one object within view, the flat horizon which keeps pace with his advance.

"Yet perhaps with sunflowers and cicadae, summer and winter, cattle, wife and family, the settler may create a full and varied existence. One person at least I saw upon the plains who seemed in every way superior to her lot. This was a woman who boarded us at a way station, selling milk. She was largely formed; her features were more than comely ; she had that great rarity—a fine complexion which became her; and her eyes were kind, dark, and steady. She sold milk with patriarchal grace. There was not a line in her countenance, not a note in her soft and sleepy voice but spoke of an entire contentment with her life. It would have been fatuous arrogance to pity such a woman. Yet the place where she lived was to me almost ghastly. Less than a dozen wooden houses, all of a shape and all nearly of a size, stood along the railway lines. Each stood apart in its own lot . . . Her own, into which I looked, was clean but very empty, and showed nothing homelike but the burning fire. This extreme newness, above all in so naked and flat a country gives a strong impression of artificiality. With none of the litter and discoloration of human life; with the paths unworn, and the houses still sweating from the axe, such a settlement as this seems purely scenic. The mind is loath to accept it for a piece of reality ; and it seems incredible that life can go on with so few properties, or the great child, man, find entertainment in so bare a play-room."

Not a very promising picture of a place selected as material out of which to build a new county, a place to settle down perhaps for a lifetime. On the other hand, what a place in which to expand, to grow, to spread oneself!

The "rain belt," as northeastern Colorado was called, was slow at first in its development as an agricultural region. There were no mines of gold or silver to attract the attention of immigrants, and those who dared take chances on the untried soil crept into the region cautiously and with trepidation. However, the settlers who had come to the Platte Valley a little more than a decade before were not of the "go-back" variety, and a sufficient number had "stayed by the stuff" to justify the organization of a new county.

The rainfall of Logan County for the last 37 years, according to the record kept by Charles Green, of Leroy, shows the driest month of these years to be January; the rainiest, May. The driest year was 1894, with 7.34 inches; the rainiest year, 1891, with 25.60 inches. The average annual rainfall was 17.26.

Sterling was not two years old when the talk of a new county began. Naturally there were those who opposed the idea, and heated discussions arose over the question. The papers of the time contain many articles setting forth arguments for and against the division of Weld County. Quoting from the Denver News of December 25, 1882, in part:

"A proposition was made before the last legislature to create a new county, with Sterling as the county seat, and the people of this vicinity were greatly disappointed over its failure to go through. A News reporter recently on the ground is fully persuaded that it would be only simple justice in our law makers to concede their demand. As the case now stands, there are many people in this vicinity who are obliged to travel from seventy-five to a hundred and fifty miles whenever they have business at the county seat. The time was when it might have been justly asserted that the county was too sparsely settled to support a county government, but that objection can no longer be urged. Within the limits of the proposed county there are nearly 100,000 head of cattle, $2,750,000.00 worth of railroad property, many thousand sheep, and with all of the real and personal property previously mentioned in this article, the county government could be supported with a very light tax on the people. There can be no mistaking the fact that the people of the lower end of Weld County are united and determined in their efforts to secure a new county, and when such a people set their heads together, it is only a matter of time when the object is accomplished. Their demand is just and it should be conceded."

Two names are mentioned as having been proposed for the new county besides Logan. The Sterling News of January 12, 1884, contains this item: "A. F. Spoor, who is roadmaster of the Julesburg Branch, U. P. Railway from Denver Junction to La Salle, is a gentleman who has so worked himself into the affections of the people of the South Platte Valley, that last winter when an attempt was made to make a new county of the eastern part of Weld, the people rose en masse and asked to have the new county named for and in honor of A. F. Spoor."

Mr. Spoor came to Sterling in 1881 and was prominent in the political and business life of the town, serving as a member of the school board, and in other offices of trust. He was a candidate for county treasurer and also for the legislature at one time. He was the father of Edith and Ethel Spoor, well known trained nurses in Sterling, who have lived in Logan County most of their lives.

On the subject of the division of Weld County another article signed "Old Farmer" gives some reasons why the proposed "County of Iliff" should not be formed, to the Tribune-Republican: "Unless the merits of the proposed measure shall be discussed on a broader basis than the personal wishes and appeals of the representatives from that county, it now looks as if the bill dividing Weld County, and creating from its eastern half the County of Iliff, will become a law. . . The proposed division of Weld County is between range lines No. 53 and No. 54 running from Arapahoe County to Wyoming. The petitioners for the division have obtained from the county clerk of Weld County a certified statement of the taxable property in that portion of Weld County of which it is proposed to create the new county. The taxable property therein, it is certified, amounts to $2,555,000. Of this amount of taxable property the petitioners for the division represent about $155,000 only. There is a remonstrance against the division signed by taxpayers in the proposed new county who represent over $1,500,000. The Union Pacific Railway Co. is not included among the signers of this remonstration, but they are positively opposed to the division and are taxpayers on about $800,000 more. The Burlington and Missouri Railway Company have signed, also The Pawnee Canal Co. with its investment of $150,000 to $200,000, is opposed to the division. So we find that one-sixteenth of the individual taxpayers are in favor of the division, while fifteen-sixteenths of the individual taxpayers and all of the large corporate residents and taxpayers of the county are opposed to it. Furthermore, the Burlington Railroad people, as may be seen by a glance at the map, are left entirely on one side, and the only way that residents upon this line could reach the proposed county seat of huff County would be by taking the cars to Brush station or Fort Morgan, cross over to the Union Pacific road, and then take the cars again to Sterling. This, or else proceed by wagon, horseback or on foot seventy-five or a hundred miles across the country. Among the signers of the remonstrance other than these may be mentioned Mrs. Warren (Eiff), Browne Brothers and Mr. Snyder, who paid $1,500 more taxes in Weld County in 1884 than all the petitioners for a division put together ! There has been some talk, loud talk about the 'great agricultural resources' of the proposed county. As a matter of fact, the greater portion of this section is arid land, worthless prairie without inhabitants. Consequently all of the officers of the new county would be selected from the raw town of Sterling, whose ambitious residents prepare to create a new county government to pay tribute to their prosperity. These parties would levy taxes to pay themselves fat salaries upon large property-holders opposed to the division, and who would have not a word to say about how the money was expended. The large majority of the taxpayers in what is the proposed county of Iliff have just paid their share of a $50,000 tax to construct a court house at Greeley. They naturally object now to be 'mulcted' in an equal sum for a. court house to adorn the mushroom town of Sterling. * * * * Now the fact is, that although several irrigation canals of considerable capacity have been constructed for a number of years in the eastern portion of Weld County, but a very small portion of the land, not one thousand acres, is under cultivations. In view of this fact, in what light do the enterprise and progress of the 'thrifty pioneers' of the proposed new county stand? Is it because all this declamation about enterprise, etc., is a bluster or because the success of farming and irrigation so far down the Platte is up to date an experiment and any calculation as to what may be done in this direction is a haph4a.zard discount on the future? In a dry season after all the ditches further up the river have taken what water they require, the Platte River is very likely to run dry below Fort Morgan, thus leaving the land from that point down entirely without water. And so, while the extent to which that section can be cultivated, or made available for any purpose, is a matter of doubt, it certainly is not in the direction of public policy to undertake to force the land to pay taxes in support of a 'wild cat' county. The question is, shall the bill pass?"

This article is answered by Mr. Spoor in a lengthy letter in the Sterling News, as follows in part:

"Old Farmer', in an article in the Tribune-Republican, after laboring hard in his argument against division of Weld County, asks, 'Shall the bill pass?'

"That depends upon circumstances. If the benefit therefrom is to be received by people of small means, and for people looking for a location; by men who with their families came here to stay and improve the land; if it is in the interest of people who need the benefits, then we say the bill should pass. If on the other hand, the interests of a few men, men who live in cities and only visit occasionally this portion of the county to look after their stock interests; if their interests are paramount to those of hundreds of actual settlers, then the bill should not pass. 'Old Farmer' asks that the measure be discussed on a broader basis than the personal wishes of the representatives from that county."

"Correct; but when he tries to show that the remonstrance is signed by men who have large stock interests in the proposed county, and some of them live in other states, that the bill should be defeated on their account, it looks to me as if he had simmered it down to about as narrow a basis as possible. Who should be benefited by legislation, a few wealthy people, or the mass of toilers? " * * 'Old Farmer' is worried in regard to the people living along the B. & M., that they should have to go to Brush or Fort Morgan and then take the railroad to Sterling, or go a-foot or horseback seventy-five or one hundred miles across the county. That is indeed fearful to contemplate. Admit it is true (which it is not) and then they would not have as far to go as they do now. From Sterling to Akron, across the country, is only forty miles. I have heard of none of the people who are so solicitous about the B. & M. people, ever object or think it any hardship for the old settlers in this section to drive to Greeley, one hundred miles, or to go one hundred and fifty miles to get to Greeley. Farmers, young and old, are generally credited with a laudable desire to settle up a new country, and to do all in their power to do so, but `Old Farmer' proceeds to warn all strangers against settling in Weld County or the eastern portion of it. He says as a `matter of fact, the greater portion of this section is arid land, worthless prairie, without inhabitants.' If this does not show the earmarks and brand of a cattle man, then I want to know what would. * * * *

" 'Old Farmer' says that there are several irrigating ditches of considerable capacity that have been constructed for a number of years in the eastern portion of Weld County, but a very small portion of the land, not 1,000 acres, is under cultivation. `Old Farmer' is as truthful in. this as in other assertions. The only canal that has been constructed for several years is the Old Sterling Ditch. `There is no haste,' says `Old Farmer', 'the people are not crowded. Wait a little. Wait till the people at least know what they possess. Then is the time to start out upon the line of general internal improvements.' In whose interest shall we wait? Certainly not in the interest of the 450 to 500 voters of the proposed new county; not in the interest of the newcomer; not in the interest of the people, but in the interest of a few men that have grown rich by grazing their thousands of cattle on the public domain, in the interest of men who want to retard the settlement of the county, in the interest of men who for years have been gobbling up the government land, men who had improvement on wheels,. men who hate the sight of an actual settler, men who are of no value to this portion of the county, whose money, as far as it helps this portion of the county might as well be owned by Chinamen.

" `Old Farmer' either does not know or else maliciously misrepresents the agricultural interests here. The raising of grain is no experiment. There is no doubt as to the successful raising of crops here and 'Old Farmer' knows it."

Quoting from the Platte Valley Record, dated February 25, 1887, A. P. Gordon, editor: "We do not believe in immortalizing anybody's name because they do a good deed; especially when it is to their interest. But we do believe in giving such men as A. F. Spoor and R. L. Rowden much credit not only for being instrumental in securing the passage of the Logan County bill, but also in defeating the scheme to pass the bill with the provision that the clerk of old Weld County might transcribe the record of the new county, and charge what he pleased. There is no doubt but that several thousand dollars was saved by this scheme being defeated. While the people are rejoicing over the success of the new county, they must remember that they are indebted to the above named gentlemen."

Commenting on the passage of the Logan County bill, the Sterling News of February 23, 1887, says: "The county division question is settled at last, and satisfactorily, at least. to the greater portion of the people of the new county. To R. L. Rowden we owe thanks for much of the work that was done in our behalf in the house and senate. Mr. Spoor left his position as conductor on the U. P. Railway and stayed with the bill until it had passed both houses. Instead of giving some man in Denver $100.00 to carry the bill before the house and make a plea, Mr. Spoor made this plea himself, thereby saving the people of Sterling a considerable sum of money. Mr. Rowden also left his business in Sterling and stayed close by the side of our bill until it was passed."

The first County Commissioners of Logan County were appointed by the Governor, Alva Adams, in 1887. They were: Henry Schneider, D. B. Morgan and Jacob Furry. The third named died during his term of office and W. S. Hadfield was appointed to fill the vacancy. Other officers were: Sheriff, John Tobin; Clerk and Recorder, W. F. Kiester; Treasurer, M. H. Smith; County Judge, T. L. Watson; Assessor, H. T. Sutherland; Coroner, Dr. David Beach; Superintendent of Schools, Oscar Trego; Surveyor, J. J. Cheairs.

During the first year of the county's organization, according to the record, the appointments of the county officers by the governor were declared illegal by the commissioners, and these offices were declared vacant by this body. However, they were all reappointed.

The first meeting of the commissioners was held March 18, 1887, in Sterling, the temporary county seat. D. S. Morgan was elected chairman. On the 8th of December of this year an election was held and the following men were elected to these offices: Commissioners, J. W. Ramsey, C. C. Washburn, J. F. Watts; Sheriff, "Dick" Buchanan; Clerk and Recorder, N. J. Knoblaugh; Treasurer, M. H. Smith; County Judge, R. L. Rowden; Coroner, Dr. David Beach; County Superintendent of Schools, Oscar Trego ; Assessor, H. T. Sutherland; Deputy, Geo. E. McConley ; Surveyor, J. W. Whipple. On May 14, 1888, J. F. Watts died and W. L. Hays was appointed to the vacancy.

A branch office was established by the county superintendent of schools at Holyoke until Phillips County was organized. By this organization Superintendent Trego was disqualified for this office in Logan County, because of his residence in Phillips County. He was then made superintendent of the latter county, and J. M. Day was appointed as superintendent of schools in Logan County, April 18, 1889.

The county treasurer had his office in the Sterling Bank, of which he was president, while other officers were housed -in other buildings about town, until the Town Hall was built, when rooms were rented for county officers in that building.

The question of locating the county seat was voted upon at this election. According to the record, Sterling received 605 votes, Holyoke 517, Julesburg 138, scattering 74. No town having received a majority another election was called for December 20, 1887. Sterling received 620, Holyoke 344, Julesburg 193, Atwood 18, 29 Mile Siding 11, Section 28-8-47 28, Siding 3; total 1,222. Sterling having received a majority of the votes cast was on January 10, 1888, declared "The permanent County Seat of Logan County."

In response to a call for the purpose of organizing a central committee for the new county of Logan, a large and enthusiastic number of Republicans met at the school-house, Sterling, on Saturday, August 13, and were called to order by Hon. A. F. Spoor, who stated the object of the meeting. H. C. Merrick, of Julesburg, was elected temporary chairman, and E. E. Armour, temporary secretary. The committee organized by electing J. W. Wilson, chairman, and W. S. Jenkins, secretary.

The following answered to the call of precincts: No. 1, J. W. Wilson ; 2, G. W. Carter; 3, G. H. Butler; 4, J. W. Ramsey; 5, T. R. Bardsley; 6, J. W. Ellingworth; 7, E. E. Armour; 8, C. C. Washburn; 9, J. B. Allen; 10, John Lutin; 11, Jas. Fyffe; 12, W. S. Jenkins; 13, J. B. Sweet.

The first county convention was called to meet September 30, 1887. The precincts were Atwood, Kenesaw, Iliff, Crook, Sedgwick, Lincoln, Good Hope, Center, Blaine, Merino, Peyton Creek, Sterling, Julesburg, numbered in the order named. (From the Advocate of August 20, 1887.)

After the county was organized the saloon continued to be a menace. On January 8, 1889, we find in the record the following resolution unanimously adopted:

(1) "Whereas, in the opinion of the Board of County Commissioners of Logan County, Colorado, the granting of county license for the sale of intoxicating liquors is detrimental morally and financially to the best interest of Logan County, and,

(2) Whereas, The Colorado Statutes, Chapter LXIV, Section 8, leaves it discretionary with the Board, and,

(3) Whereas, the cost to the county of criminal cases, etc., resulting from the traffic far exceeds the revenue derived therefrom; Therefore, be it resolved, That we are forever strongly opposed to granting license for the sale of intoxicating liquor in Logan County, Colorado.

C. C. WASHBIIRNI Chairman; J. W. RAMSEY, W. L. HAYS. JNO. H. KNOBLAUGH, Clerk."

Colorado was the second state to establish political equality. This law became effective in 1893.

In Logan County the first woman to vote was Mrs. E. E. Armour. The first woman to hold office in the county was Mrs. Nannie Gunn, county clerk. Since that time this office and that of superintendent of schools have been accorded to women.

The present county commissioners are, C. M. Morris, S. A. Richerson and J. P. Dillon.

With the birth of Logan County and shortly before, came other settlers which may be called semi-pioneers, many of whom located on the uplands. After many years of successes and failures, that phase of agriculture has been established as a successful business. With the coming of these people and the construction of the Colorado and Wyoming Railroad, connecting Holdredge, Nebraska, and Cheyenne, Wyoming, Logan County began a steady growth, that has continued uninterruptedly, ever since except for a few years following the panic of 1893, when there came a temporary set-back.

Another group of semi-pioneers located in Sterling. Among them were attorneys W. L. Hoys, H. D. Hinkley, James A. Pulliam, S. A. Burke, C. L. Allen, E. E. Armour, W. E. Crissman, Munson Bros., James Glynn; Doctors L. E. Stanton, J: C. Chipman; dentists, L. L. Pitman, P. L. Cromwell; real estate, loans, insurance, etc., G. C. Brown, J. C. Plain, L. Wirt Markham; bankers, Allan Winch, Gillett Bros.; Chas. B. Timberlake, now and for the past fourteen years congressman of the second congressional district, at that time a school teacher.

Among the business men of the group were D. B. Delzell, Geo. A. Henderson, W. F. Thompson, J. C. Scott, J. W. Rowland, Chas. Rowland, Pettit Bros., Porter and Hulse, L. M. Judd, Geo. Bird, W. H. Conklin, Geo. Buchanan, J. F. Watts, C. B. Goddard, A. D. McAlpine, H. C. Sherman, Smith Bros., Mr. Headrick, J. D. Adams, Gillett Brothers, and F. J. Henderson.

Then there were the Jacksons, Lakes, Silvers, Warrens, Battens, Hudspeths, Williams, Cramers, Knudsons, Boyces, Knudsons, Gleasons, Hunkers, Desselems, Lakes, Richersons, Milfords, Boyds, Flemings, Shannons, McCormacks, Withrows, Whiteleys, Blystones, Fitchs, Wynkoops, Tidwells, and many, many others.

In the late nineties the county began to recover from its period of depression. More scientific methods began to be used in farming. Crops were studied in an effort to find those best adapted to climate and soil. The population increased as is shown by the census reports, and the county developed from that time on, at what rate will be revealed in a measure in other chapters of this story.

Population according to nationality is as follows (census of 1920) :

Male, 9,668 ; Female, 8,759 ; Native white, 16,103 ; Total, 18,427.

Native White, 16,103—Male, 8,378, Female, 7,725 ; Native white, native parentage, 11,962 ; Native white, foreign parentage, 2,660 ; Native white, mixed parentage, 1,481. Foreign born white, 2,231—Male, 1,236, Female, 995.

Negro, 26—Male, 15, Female 011. Indian, Chinese, Jap, etc., 67.

Total foreign born white, 2,231: Austria, 21 ; Canada, 105 ; Czecho-Slovakia, 21 ; Denmark, 49 ; England, 68 ; Finland, 8 ; France, 11 ; Germany, 238 ; Greece, 7 ; Hungary, 5 ; Ireland, 37 ; Jugo-Slavia, 11 ; Mexico, 152 ; Italy, 126 ; Netherlands, 5 ; Norway, 14 ; Poland, 12 ; Russia, 1,174 ; Scotland, 15 ; Sweden, 76 ; Switzerland, 7 ; Wales, 13 ; all other countries, 56.

From these figures it will be observed that a little more than half of the foreign population is of Russian descent ; that practically all are European, and that almost every European country is represented.